Once a week they climbs slowly down from the canopy, make a small hole in the ground, and defecates. This is hazardous. Being caught on the ground by a predator such as a coyote or a feral dog is the leading cause of death amongst sloths. And even if it avoids being eaten, the trip consumes 8% of its daily energy budget. Given that two-toed sloths happily relieve themselves from the safety of the canopy, the three-toed’s lavatorial habits are puzzling. But a study published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, by Jonathan Pauli of the University of Wisconsin-Madison and his colleagues, not only seems to solve the mystery, but also sheds light on one of the most intriguing cases of mutualism in the animal kingdom.
The actors in this drama are the sloths themselves, the algae and fungi that live in their fur (and which give sloths their dilapidated, green appearance) and a peculiar species of moth that lives in this mobile ecosystem. Sloths rely on the algae for part of their food, for these primitive plants (whose combined mass is about 2½% of the sloth’s body-weight) are far richer in fats than the leaves which form the bulk of the animals’ diet. When a sloth grooms itself, it is therefore also feeding. Indeed, the nutrition the algae provide may be the difference between life and death, for several studies suggest that even when lazily grazing the canopy, a three-toed sloth expends more energy than it takes in from the leaves it is consuming.
The algae, for their part, rely on the sloth for shelter. The strands of its fur have special cracks which trap rainwater and provide an ideal environment for them. But the algae also rely on the fungi and the moths—for when the moths die, the fungi decompose them, and in so doing release nitrogen-rich compounds which fertilise the algae. The moths, however, though they mate in the sloth’s fur, do not spend their whole lives there. And this, Dr Pauli found, is where the animal’s weekly visits to the ground come in.
He and his colleagues put a number of sloths living in a forest in Costa Rica under intense scrutiny. They found, first, that three-toed sloths have many more moths in their fur than do the two-toed sort. That suggests moths are more important to this species. They also, crucially, observed that when the animals descend to defecate, pregnant female moths leave their furry home and lay their eggs in the fresh dung, which feeds the larvae that hatch from those eggs. Once the larvae have pupated, the adults fly back into the canopy to find a sloth to team up with. This is likely, given sloths’ small and exclusive home ranges, to be the one their parents lived in.
Thus the cycle is closed, and the three-toed sloth’s perilous weekly journey to the loo is explained. It is worth the risk, it seems, for the benefit of a reliable, portable supply of snacks.
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